The Women's Role in the Resilience of Farmers' Households during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Gubugklakah Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency

The cause of rural changes, in terms of demographic, technological developments, climate changes, and the Covid-19 pandemic potential to cause vulnerabilities, especially for women as individuals in household members. These must be responded with livelihood resilience by involving the women's role to contribute in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. This study aims to (1) describe the vulnerabilities of farmers' households and (2) analyze women's role in household resilience through the use of livelihood assets during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted in Gubugklakah village, Malang regency as a tourist village affected by the closure of TNBTS tourist visits due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This research used the simple random sampling technique, with total sample of 64 women farmers. Data were analyzed using WarpPLS software. The results showed that farmers' households experienced several vulnerabilities by that the households' livelihood assets: natural, physic, human, social and financial capital can be optimized to achieve a degree of resilience. The women's role in resilience efforts is as the core of the household, because all financial cycles involve housewives' role, such as reducing consumption expenditures, selling jewelry assets, taking savings, involving in farm worker, and others.

Survival Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic: Contributions of the Forest to the Lives of the Filipino. Covid 19

has brought significant damage to the lives of the people due to extremely long lockdowns and unemployment. Thus, leaving no choice to the residents and forcing them to rely on what is available in the environment. This study was conducted to assess the contribution of the forests to the lives of the locals in Aurora through a survey on 161 respondents. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, rank, and percentage. Results showed that 100% of the respondents depend on the forests for their food which includes fruits and vegetables in the wild and on their farms located in and along the forest. Meanwhile, 116 individuals (72%) obtained livelihood from the forest in times of the pandemic in the form of labor, farming, selling of forest goods, charcoal making, and furniture making. Generally, the individual income obtained from forest ranged from Php500.00 (8.85 USD)to Php25,000.00 (442.65 USD) and an overall mean individual monthly income of Php4,084.19 (72.32 USD). Each type of livelihood activity provided a mean monthly income ranging from Php 4350 (USD 77.02) to Php 9021 (159.73 USD) per person. However, the respondents faced challenges such as loss of products due to theft, the limited number of consumers, and struggles concerning the health of the workers especially the elders, disabled, and other high-risk individuals to COVID-19. The government must consider providing needs (financial, technical, knowledge) to the locals in obtaining products and services from the forest for sustainable utilization of the resources. This research dictate the importance of forest as a source of life to the people. Thus, the result of this study may be used as a baseline for the government in crafting policies to help ensure sustainability of the forest and the lives of the society.

Livelihood Zonation Mapping: An Unplugged Sect of Regional Science

Amidst the global health emergency, when couples of academicians are devoted to pursuing their research linked with COVID-19, this present chapter is purposively concerned with the lesser-highlighted issue of customarily categorized livelihoods scenario, on a spatial basis, in one of the nations of Global South. The prime objective of the present section is to find out the fundamental fashion of regional deviation as well as the concentration of livelihood and future suggestions for suitable policy proposals. While this volume is systematically based on secondary datasets from recognized sources and the methods are being adopted after judiciary modification of established modus operandi like ‘crop combination', ‘location quotient', ‘crop diversification', and ‘GDP geographical area ratio'. On the other side, for the overall ‘livelihood zone map' (LZM), the standard ‘Z'-score method, and GIS mapping tool have been used. Although the regional data-oriented outcome is much voluminous, in a nutshell, it can be affirmed that in Goa, Delhi (NCR), West Bengal, and Manipur, the quality of livelihood condition is well, while among rest of the Indian states and union territories, the status is below the desired level. Conclusively, for a more precise and area-oriented suitable policy proposal, more research work has been needed for the novel development of livelihood conditions and the country's economic base. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.

Livelihood Strategies of the Bajo Fishing Community in the Outbreak of COVID-19 (Study of Bajo People in Salabangka Island of Central, Sulawesi, Indonesia)

This study aims to find out how Sama Bajo fishermen adapt to the seasonal moonson and environmental changes in the midst of the Corona Virus Desease (Covid-19) outbreak. The research conducted in one of the villages in the Salabangka Archipelago, precisely on Paku Island which is one of the largest islands in the Salabangka archipelago of Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The study utilyzed the principle of a livelihood approaches. The adaptation strategies observed include;livelihood diversification, business intensification, utilization of social networks, asset sales and mortgages. The results showed that some of Sama Bajo fishermen carried out adaptation strategies, several livelihood adaptation strategies that were previously quite effective in overcoming the decline in income due to seasonal changes, currently could not be fully relied to tackle stress and shock. The development of several multinational mining investment activities on land has also resulted in pollution that affects the loss of seaweed cultivation which was previously become the mainstay of fishermen in times of famine. This situation has caused some Sama Bajo fishermen, especially the younger generation who have studied up to university to consider trying new livelihoods on land that were previously rarely done by Bajo fishermen. © 2023 WITPress. All rights reserved.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Coastal Fishery Livelihood Systems: Socio-economic Implications for Small-Scale Fisherfolk in Winneba, Ghana

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted livelihood options and systems of people from all walks of life. In this study, we explored the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic on small-scale coastal fisherfolk in the Winneba community of the Central Region of Ghana. The study used quantitative data from a questionnaire survey (n = 50) and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with key stakeholders including chief fishermen, community leaders, and district members (n = 12) to examine the stated objectives. The empirical results showed that the overwhelming majority of fisherfolk are aware of COVID-19 and the risks it poses to their health with their main source of information on the pandemic being the radio. Most of the respondents reported that the COVID-19 pandemic had and continues to adversely transform their livelihood systems. Further analysis showed that their socio-economic vulnerabilities have further been worsened because of the extra financial costs incurred in the purchase of personal protective equipment such as face masks and hand sanitisers in response to COVID-19. The frequency and number of crews per fishing trip have decreased resulting in lower fish landings and decreased income. The volume of fish processing and trading activities has also decreased because of the increase in prices of fish and low patronage. Commonly mentioned local coping strategies against COVID-19 infection include drinking and bathing with seawater as well as the use of seawater as a desired enema solution for general detoxification. In response to declining fish catches, fisherfolk are resorting to illegal fishing activities and engaging in casual work like masonry and carpentry to supplement their income. The study urges relevant stakeholders to evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 on coastal fisheries' livelihoods toward designing and implementing sustainable and practical resilience-enhancing strategies. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

A review on post-COVID-19 impacts and opportunities of agri-food supply chain in Malaysia.

Background: Malaysia is strongly supported by the agriculture sector as the backbone to drive the economy. However, COVID-19 has significantly affected agriculture across the production, supply, and marketing chains. It also disturbs the balance of food supply and demand in Malaysia. COVID-19 was an unexpected pandemic that resulted in shock and panic and caused a huge global impact. However, the impacts of this pandemic on the agriculture sector in Malaysia, particularly in the production and supply chains, are still unclear and scarce. This review offers insights into the challenges, particularly in sustaining agri-food production and supply chains. It also highlights the opportunity and relevant measures towards sustainability in agriculture to avoid agri-food disasters in the future. Methods: This study was carried out through a desk review of the secondary source of information covering the impact of COVID-19 in Malaysia particularly in the agri-food aspect, and a wide range of strategies and initiatives as the effective measures to overcome the crisis of this pandemic. Online desk research of the government published data and customer desk research were utilized to complete this study. Search engines such as Google Scholar and the statistical data from the official websites including the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) and the Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region (FFTC-AP), were utilized. Keywords such as impact of COVID-19, pandemic, and agri-food supply chain were used to conduct the searches. The articles identified to be related to the study's objective were then downloaded and included in the study. Descriptive methods were used as the primary analysis technique following the descriptive analysis and visual data analysis in performing the sources obtained. Results: This devastating impact damages the lives by causing 4.3 million confirmed infections and more than 290,000 deaths. This disease presents an unprecedented challenge to the public health. The lockdown restriction under the movement control order (MCO), for more than of the world's population in the year 2020 to control the virus from spreading, has disrupted most of the economic sectors. The agriculture industry was seen as one of the essential industries and allowed to operate under strict standard operating procedures (SOP). Working under strict regulations came with a huge price paid for almost all industries. Conclusion: This pandemic has affected the national agri-food availability and accessibility in Malaysia. This outbreak created a reflection of opportunity for sharing a more flexible approaches in handling emergencies on agricultural food production and supply chains. Therefore, the government should be ready with the roadmap and enforce the measures to control the pandemic without disrupting the agri-food supply chain in the near future.

The role of staple crop production during the Covid-19 outbreak. Evidence for women small producers in Senegal

The Covid-19 outbreak has negatively affected the agri-food system especially in developing countries where most people rely on agriculture. Using primary data, we study the role of staple crop production as a coping strategy during the Covid-19 outbreak. Using a linear probability model, this article assesses the effect of income and food security deterioration perceived as a consequence of Covid-19 on rice investment propensity among 1320 women rice producers in Casamance, Senegal. Our results show that food security deterioration and especially income reduction due to Covid-19 are significantly and positively related to rice investment propensity. The presence of food retailers and the type of household livelihood, farm or nonfarm, dramatically drive the Covid-19 perception effects on rice investment propensity. While women small producers in villages with food retailers slightly increase their propensity to invest in rice, in remote villages lacking food retailers rice production represents an effective coping strategy for those women living in households that depend to a large extent on the market, i.e. those relying on nonfarm income. These results are supported by the strong correlation between limited physical access to the market, due to movement restrictions, and rice investment propensity, especially among households relying on nonfarm income.

Ageing, Vulnerability and COVID-19

COVID-19 has had a destructive ripple effect on all aspects of society but with a more drastic impact on the most vulnerable and dependent on government services through social protection mechanisms. Among these is population ageing. Already in need and facing challenges of healthy ageing and dependent, especially in Pacific Island countries, on traditional family relations, the general shrinking of resources including able-bodied family members presents a crisis of livelihood for ageing parents. In Fiji, government social schemes have proven inadequate and open up spaces for the resurgence of charity, reciprocity and the "moral economy” as enduring Pacific values. Where then does social protection go from here? This is the question of our times. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.

Socio-economic constraints in re-entering the labour market during COVID-19 and the resilience of female informal workers living in urban informal settlements

During COVID-19, female informal workers living in urban informal settlements in Bangladesh have faced greater challenges in re-entering the labour market than their male counterparts. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study, which has explored how the pre-existing socio-economic constraints around gender norms, gender roles, occupational sex-segregation, lack of education and skills, informality and restricted mobility have made the re-entry process extremely difficult for these workers during COVID-19 in Dhaka city. The paper also illustrates that these workers have adopted strategies catered for short-lasting crises to cope with the challenges arisen from their struggle to secure livelihoods. © 2023 Department of Social Work, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Riders on the Storm: Amplified Platform Precarity and the Impact of COVID-19 on Online Food-delivery Drivers in China

The global COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately intensified the precariousness of insecure work. This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on platform-based food-delivery drivers in China, particularly focusing on labor conditions. Drawing on 52 in-depth interviews with drivers from top Chinese food-delivery platforms, this article shows that the precarity of drivers' work and life is dramatically amplified by the pandemic, resulting in escalating work insecurity, financial instability, and subservient class identity. More specifically, drivers struggle with increased physical risks, livelihood crisis and inflamed racism. All this results from the reorganization of algorithmic labor process and management facilitated by the coalition of food-delivery platforms and Chinese states, which results in surged workload, unpaid labor, uncompensated prolonged production time and extra investment in production assets.

Impacts of COVID-19 on Wives of Nepali Migrants and Future Foreign Employment Decision-making

With over 55% of households having labour migrants and over 25% of the GDP attributable to migrants' remittance, migration plays an important role in economic development of Nepal but also in overall wellbeing of the Nepali households. While there have been considerable studies on the impact of migration both from social and economic perspectives, little is known about how migrants and their households make decisions to migrate. Moreover, there is limited research on how crisis in destination countries affect migration decision-making among migrants and their left-behind household members. Taking the example of the current COVID-19 crisis, this article discusses the context within which people are taking migration decisions and how the experiences of crisis affects decision-making about pursuing foreign employment for people who have previous migration experience. This article discusses the experience of migrants' wives during the pandemic in relation to their husband's migration, alternative livelihood experience of migrants (returnees, those on a holiday and aspiring migrants) in the home country, impacts of COVID-19 ban on aspiring migrants, and aspiring migrants and their wives' perspectives towards future foreign employment. The article argues that given a high interest amongst the returnees and their spouses to work in Nepal, current employment programmes brought forward by the government should take the opportunity as a way of retaining the human resources in Nepal.

Kindergarten teachers' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

Across the world COVID-19 has impacted teachers' lives both professionally and personally. In many parts of the world kindergarten teachers have been able to adapt practices to ensure that children's education and care is provided. However some countries have not responded adequately to support kindergarten teachers' ongoing employment. Bangladesh is one such country. The aim of this study was to understand the experiences of 16 Bangaldeshi kindergarten teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used an interpretive social constructionist approach, with semi-structured interviews of the 16 kindergarten teachers. Findings revealed the 16 participants experienced significant disruption to their professional and personal lives during COVID-19. With the long-term closures of schools and early childhood services, the teachers were found to be significantly impacted resulting in hardship to their personal, physical, human and social lives. Governments are called on to demonstrate value and support kindergarten teachers at all times, not only during the pandemic. Such support will sustain the early childhood profession, and ensure the rights of young children to access consistent education and care are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Early Years Education is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Societal Significance of Informal Economics during the COVID-19 Pandemic in an African City

The COVID-19 pandemic compelled many African countries to make decisions that lim-ited livelihood choices. This article examines how informal traders (IT) in Kumasi, Ghana responded to the COVID-19. It explores the livelihood capacities, socioeconomic, socio-cultural, and sociopolitical values of informal economics. Using data from multiple sources, the purchase and sale of personal protective equipment (PPE) emerged as the dominant livelihood activity. The results show that IT innovated their way of trading, realigned livelihood activities, and created cross-sectoral networks that enhanced social cohesion. The emerging informal market catalyzed spin-off activities that linked values of the informal sector to the public, distributing agencies, producing companies, and the government. We argue that IT constitute a "natural” and "indispensable” share of Ghana's urban economic, cultural, and governance space. The values of IT expressed within and between these distinct societal spheres should be amplified in the development discourses of countries like Ghana. © The Author(s).

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACTS OF LOCAL LIVELIHOOD TRANSITION ON THE HIGHLANDS OF MOUNT NONA, AMBON ISLAND

Purpose: Tourism development in rural areas is considered as a strategic step to lower the poverty level through new potentials in household livelihoods.This study aims to investigate the tourism development and the impacts of livelihood transition in the highlands of Mount Nona, Ambon Island.As a result, both the government and the land owner are not able to manage this local asset Theoretical Framework: Due to huge contributions in tourism to the regional income, it is need more focused and coordination between the governmnet and community. However mostly the area which had a plethora natural resources is the poorest area. It indicated that there are lack of the government contributions in developing tourism area and land owner issue. . To solve this issues, it is important to give an attention and explanation related to the natural resources management theory beside human resources. If the government can manage all with their policy and bureaucracy, it will be convenient to realize the development goals in tourism sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study was done using a qualitative method with a case study approach, studying a touristy attraction focusing on a selfie tourism called Siwang Paradise located in the highlands of Mount Nona, Ambon Island. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations done in two phases in November 2021 to February 2022. A total of 24 key informants participated in this study was selected using a purposive sampling technique based on the following criteria: first, the key informant must be part of the management of of Siwang Paradise;second, the key informant must be the member of rural community benefitted from the opening of Siwang Paradise. After the data collection process, the data was analyzed following the stages proposed by Creswell. Findings: The results show that the development of Siwang Paradise did have a significant contribution to the creation of new livelihoods through increased income. However, on the other hand, this livelihood transition had a potential threat to the household economy of the rural community itself. This condition could be caused by the community's lack of knowledge and experience regarding the management of touristy objects the uncertain tourist season and the Covid-19 pandemic. These various threats left the community with no other alternative to maintain their livelihood. Future Implications: There are a limitations in this study which is need to be completed by future research. For instance tourism development arisen from the community level, the role of the government and the private sector was highly needed. It should also be followed by the rural community as targets for the tourism development to be given knowledge transfer, promotion, and the access to information and infrastructure. This phenomenon need to be discussed by further research more deeply by using another methods and approach such as mix method to suggest several recommendations and policy to solve the tourism issues in rural area. Originality/Value: The findings of the study indicated that natural resources manajement and ownership theory are important to develop tourism business in rural area so that people will lived in poverty through wise management and economically.Otomatically, the regional income will be increase. © 2022 AOS-Estratagia and Inovacao. All rights reserved.

Temporary Residents, Lasting Issues: International Graduate Students and Covid-19

La pandémie de Covid-19 a rendu les résidents temporaires au Canada particulièrement vulnérables, car leur statut juridique précaire, les obstacles à l'accès aux soins de santé, l'insécurité financière et professionnelle, l'impossibilité de voyager et l'isolement social se sont intensifiés. Les étudiants internationaux étaient parmi ceux qui devaient relever ces défis tout en étant rendus invisibles en raison de leur statut inconstant d'étudiants et de résidents temporaires. Nos recherches auprès d'étudiants étrangers diplômés et de leurs familles montrent que, même avant la pandémie, cette population était confrontée à des problèmes d'insécurité financière, d'équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, d'isolement social et de restrictions de voyage, problèmes aggravés par l'entrecroisement de la race et du genre, et exacerbés par la Covid-19. Étant donné que la pandémie de Covid-19 a amplifié les inégalités sous-jacentes au Canada au niveau systémique, avec plus de personnes racialisées atteints de Covid-19 et qui en meurent, et plus de personnes racialisées avec un statut légal précaire qui perdent leur gagnepain, nous pouvons postuler que les étudiants internationaux ne font pas exception. Les mesures adoptées par le gouvernement canadien, telles que la prestation d'urgence pour les étudiants canadiens, excluent les étudiants internationaux, qui contribuent à l'économie canadienne à hauteur de plus de 20 milliards de dollars par an et sont une source de revenus pour les universités et les collèges canadiens. Dans cet article, nous examinons comment la pandémie de Covid-19 a affecté les étudiants internationaux diplômés et leur vie familiale dans une ville de l'Alberta et quel impact les politiques gouvernementales ont eu sur leur vie. Basé sur 20 entretiens approfondis avec des étudiants étrangers diplômés et leurs conjoints, cet article met en évidence la disparité de soutien entre les étudiants étrangers et les citoyens canadiens pendant la pandémie, y compris le soutien financier, l'assistance institutionnelle, l'isolement et les interactions transnationales. Nous explorons également la manière dont les hypothèses institutionnelles et les politiques gouvernementales durant la pandémie sapent l'expérience sexiste et racialisée des étudiants étrangers diplômés avec leur famille immédiate et transnationale. Nous proposons à travers notre analyse que le traitement des étudiants internationaux pendant la pandémie devrait être une préoccupation de justice académique étant donné le statut vulnérable, précaire et relativement invisible de cette population, souligné en outre par les discriminations intersectionnelles vécues par de nombreux étudiants qui cherchent à trouver un avenir au Canada.Alternate :The Covid-19 pandemic made temporary residents in Canada particularly vulnerable, as their precarious legal status, barriers in accessing healthcare, financial and job insecurity, the impossibility of travel, and social isolation intensified. International students were among those who had to navigate these challenges while being made invisible due to their liminal status of being students and temporary residents. Our research with international graduate students and their families shows that even in pre-pandemic times, this population was battling financial insecurities, issues of worklife balance, social isolation, and travel restrictions;issues compounded at the intersections of race and gender and exacerbated by Covid-19. Given that the Covid-19 pandemic has amplified underlying inequities in Canada at the systemic level, with more racialized people being infected with Covid-19 and dying from it, and more racialized people with precarious legal status losing their livelihood, we can assume that international students are no exception. Measures adopted by the Canadian government, such as the Canada Student Emergency Benefit, excluded international students, who contribute over 20 billion dollars annuall to the Canadian economy and are a source of revenue for Canadian universities and colleges. In this paper, we explore how the Covid-19 pandemic affected international graduate students and their familial lives in a city in Alberta and what impact government policies had on their lives. Based on 20 in-depth interviews with international graduate students and their spouses, this paper highlights the disparity in support between international students and Canadian citizens during the pandemic, including financial support, institutional assistance, isolation, and transnational interactions. We also explore how institutional assumptions and governmental policies during the pandemic undermine the gendered and racialized experience of international graduate students with their immediate and transnational families. We contend through our analysis that the treatment of international students during the pandemic should be a concern of academic justice given the vulnerable, precarious, and relatively invisible status of this population, underscored further by the intersectional discriminations experienced by many students who are looking to find a future in Canada.

Impacts of COVID-19 on small-scale freshwater carp and coastal brackish water shrimp farming in India

The present study was simultaneously conducted in two distantly located areas to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on farming processes, instantaneous financial impacts and mitigation strategies adopted by the farmers in the small scale freshwater carp farming and coastal brackish water shrimp farming sectors in India. Primary data were collected through interview of the farmers with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedules. Though the initial impact in both the sectors were substantial, freshwater carp farmers mitigated the crises comparatively well because of wider option in alternative livelihood, low cost locally available inputs, mobilization of local market, direct door to door vending of live fish and mobilization of women work force from the family in the farming sector. Untapped resource in the form of women's' participation in the freshwater farming practices was noteworthy during the pandemic period which increased polynomially (y = - 1.0714x2 + 7.5286x -2.2;R2 = 0.9648). As the shrimp farming sector was dependent upon external markets and burdened with high cost inputs primarily supplied by the input dealers on credit basis, the sector has to bear the burden most. Garret's Rank analysis revealed that integration with other production sectors ranked first as mitigation perception to the freshwater carp farmers, whereas, to the coastal shrimp farmers, the highest rank was with the perception that everything will be normalized within 2- 3 months naturally. Garret's Rank analysis also revealed that in both the sectors, the farmers most important need was credit from the Govt. source in mitigating COVID-19 like crisis in future. © D. Hait.

The Nicobarese tribes and their coastal fishing activities during the COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions- preliminary findings.

We interviewed the Nicobarese tribal community (N = 95) of Car Nicobar Island situated in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, India to analyze the impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on their coastal fishing activities. Our surveys revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the average monthly income and fish catches during pre and post-COVID-19 scenarios. Constraints faced during the pandemic-related restrictions and the possible solutions to reinforce the fishing activities were highlighted for sustainable resource management in Car Nicobar Island.

Farmer Households' Livelihood Resilience in Ethnic Tourism Villages: A Case Study of the Wuling Mountain Area, China

Farmer households in tourist villages have been severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the recovery of livelihood is proving difficult. In order to improve farmer households' ability to cope with external shocks, we have applied the theoretical framework of resilience to study farmer households' livelihood in ethnic tourism villages. Based on the survey data of 480 farmer households from 10 ethnic tourism villages in the Wuling Mountain area, this study constructs a livelihood resilience evaluation index system from three of the following dimensions: buffer capacity, adaptive capacity, and transformation capacity. These households are classified into three types: government-led, company-led, and community-led. In addition, the livelihood resilience and its influencing factors of each type is quantitatively assessed. The results show that the livelihood resilience of farmer households administered by the government, companies, and communities is 0.2984, 0.3250, and 0.2442, respectively. Government-led farmer households have the greatest transformation capacity, company-led farmer households have the largest buffer capacity and adaptive capacity, and community-led farmer households have the least capacity across the board. The results indicated that the company-led management of tourism development is currently the most appropriate mode of management for the local area. Four factors, namely, the number of family members engaged in tourism, the training opportunities for the development of professional skills, the education level of core family members, and the type of assistance subsidy available to a family, are the dominant obstacle factors with respect to the livelihood resilience of different types of farmer households. Finally, some recommendations are made to improve the farmer households' livelihood resilience in ethnic tourism villages based on two aspects of organization management and farmer households' behavior. The findings of this study can be used as a theoretical foundation for future research on farmer households' resilience to poverty in underdeveloped ethnic tourism villages. © 2022 by the authors.

The Impacts of COVID-19 on Returned Migrants' Livelihood Vulnerability in the Central Coastal Region of Vietnam

This study investigated the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on livelihoods of households with migration workers, who returned home to the central coastal region during the peak disease outbreak in Vietnam. Five hundred and twenty-nine households with returned migration workers aged eighteen and above in the coastal areas of Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, and Thừa Thiên Huế provinces participated in this study. Results showed that the livelihoods of all studied households were highly vulnerable due to impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, with almost 90% at moderate or high risk according to the vulnerability index. All livelihood assets were negatively affected, and financial, psychological, and social assets were the most affected, with Common Vulnerability Score System scores of 3.65, 3.39, and 3.17, respectively. Male, younger workers, or those with a lower education level and fewer social networks were found to be more vulnerable than others. This study suggests that young laborers could aim to attain a higher level of education and/or practical skills to be able to obtain stable employment with benefits such as social insurance if they desire to out-migrate. Further, social programs which allow for migration workers at the destination to meet each other may have positive impacts on their vulnerability. © 2022 by the authors.

Transnational lived citizenship turns local: Covid-19 and Eritrean and Ethiopian diaspora in Nairobi

This paper analyses how migrant community practices of transnational lived citizenship were altered by both, COVID-19 and the policy response from the Kenyan government. It is based on interviews with members of the Eritrean and Ethiopian diaspora residing in Nairobi. The paper demonstrates how policies introduced because of the pandemic caused migrant communities to lose local and remittance income. More than the loss of material resources, however, they were impacted by the elimination of social spaces that enable diaspora lives. These two dynamics have intensified a trend that may have been present before the pandemic, a local turn of transnational lived citizenship. By focusing on lived experiences and how they have been re-assessed during the pandemic, the paper argues that transnational lived citizenship is always in flux and can easily become reconfigured as more localized practices. The concept of transnational lived citizenship is demonstrated to be a useful lens for analysing shifting migrant livelihoods and belonging. © 2022 The Authors. Global Networks published by Global Networks Partnership and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.